5 S’s Concept: The expression Five S (or 5 S) designates a management tool developed in Japan around the decade of 50’s by Toyota, used a…

Chris Argyris Biography Born on July 16, 1923 in the United States of America, Chris Argyris is considered as one of the biggest worldwide authorities in the field of organizational behavior. He was the pioneer of the learning organizations’ concept, later made popular by Peter Senge, such concept that describes an organization in constant learning. […]

CAPEX Concept CAPEX is the acronym of the English expression Capital Expenditure and that designates the amount of money spent in the purchase (or improvements) of capital goods of a certain company. CAPEX is, thus, the amount of investments made in equipments and facilities as a way to maintain the production of a product or […]

Cash Flow Concept: The term Cash-Flow, designates the balance between the capital input and output of a company during a certain period…

Cash Flow Map Concept: Cash Flow Map is a financial demonstration that presents a group of cash entries and exits (availabilities) in an entity…

Cash-and-Carry Concept: The English expression Cash & Carry designates a commercial service of free service provided by a wholesaler for the…

CEO Concept: CEO is the acronym of the English expression Chief Executive Officer and designates the highest executive role of an…

CFO Concept: CFO is the acronym of the English expression Chief Financial Officer that is equivalent to Financial Director/Manager, being responsible…

Change Management Concept: Change Management corresponds to a reinvention or restructuring process of the organizational culture…

Life and work of Chester I. Barnard: Chester I. Barnard was president of a big north American telephones’ company, and author of the recognized work…

Client Concept: In most contexts’ is considered as client of an entity whoever decides the purchase of a certain good or service offered by…

Clients Rotation Ratio Concept Clients rotation ratio or indicator is an activity ratio that seeks to measure the efficiency level with which the company is managing its clients’ credit policy. The higher the clients rotation ratio value, bigger the efficiency of the credit policy. Clients’ rotation ratio is calculated by the division of the total […]

Coaching Concept: The term coaching is another buzzword recently created in the management / leadership area and represents the…

Cognitive Dissonance Concept: The expression Cognitive Dissonance designates a theory proposed in the twentieth century decade of…

Collaborator Concept: The term collaborator is normally used to designate all people that cooperate with a company though work…

Commercial Management Concept: Commercial management is one of the traditional management functional areas found in any organization and to…

Communication Concept: Communication represents one of the most important tools that the leaders have at their disposal to..

Communication Channel Concept: A communication channel can be understood as a vehicle used for the distribution of any…

Communication Plan Concept A communication plan is a document that establishes the way which should assume organizational communication. This plan should mandatorily include the following elements: Goal: which goal, or goals, that is intended to achieve with communication; this aim should, naturally, be integrated in the mission of the organization, in its global goals and […]

Competitive Advantage Concept: Competitive Advantage is a concept developed by Michael E. Porter in his bestseller “Competitive Advantage” and…

Competitive Advantage (Book): Competitive Advantage is one of the bigger bestsellers of all time in the management and…

Competitive Scope Concept: The expression Competitive Scope is a concept developed by Michael E. Porter in his bestseller Competitive Advantage…

Competitiveness Concept: Generally, the term competitiveness is used to designate the intensity with which the companies compete…

Conceptual Skills Concept: Conceptual skills are one of the kinds of skills demanded from the managers and represent the insight to…

Confidentiality Agreement Concept: A confidentiality agreement is a legal contract that protects the rights of a company in the cases in which some of their confidential…

Conflict of interests are situations in which the position of a determined agent does not allow him to comply with full rigor and exemption the tasks entrusted to him by third parties.

Consortium Concept: Consortium concept consist in a group of two or more entities (could be companies or other type…

Contextual Surroundings Concept: Contextual surroundings refers to a group of elements external to the organization but…

Contextual Variables Concept: In management terms, are considered as contextual variables all elements not controlled by the…

Contingency Management Approach Concept: Contingency Approach (or Contingency Theory) emerged, together with Systemic Approach…

Contribution Margin Concept: Contribution margin corresponds to the amount by which a company’s income exceeds its variable costs…

Coopetition Concept: Coopetition is a recent creation concept, formed due to the junction of the words competition and cooperation, and means to…

Coordination Concept: Coordination is not more than the integration process of the several activities developed in each department of the organization, as a…

Core Competence Concept: Core competence concept emerged for the first time in 1990, on Harvard Business Review, in an article entitled “The Core…

Corporate Governance Concept: The Anglo-Saxon expression Corporate Governance designates the way how enterprise organizations operate and act…

Presentation of the book “Corporate Strategy: Corporate Strategy is the title of one of the most famous management books. Written by…

Corporative Identity Concept: Corporative Identity (or Organizational Identity) corresponds to a group of characteristics, values…

Corporative Image Concept: Corporative image (in some way coincident with the positioning concept) corresponds to the perception or psychological…

Cost Leadership Concept: Cost leadership corresponds to one of the generic strategies described by Michael E. Porter…

Costs Centre Concept: A Costs Centre is a company’s unit (a section, department, person or process) with direct costs…

Cravens Model Concept: Cravens Model consists on a marketing strategy mold that makes a connection between the marketing…

Crawford Free Writing Technique Concept: Crawford Free Writing Technique is a decision taking method similar to Nominal Group Technique…

Critical Success Factors Concept: Critical Success Factors are the variables that provide more value to the clients and that better differentiate the…

Current Assets Concept: Current Assets (sometimes also designated as exploitation assets or even running assets) are all companies’ assets…

Distribution Channel Concept: The expression Distribution Channel designates a group of means used to make that the product or…

Distribution Circuit Concept: The expression Distribution Circuit can be defined as broadly, like all course or all of the steps taken by…

Economic Context Concept: Economic context designates a group of contextual variables with influence in the performance and…

Fixed Costs Concept: Fixed costs are entity’s costs that will remain constant independently of the positive or negative…

The fourteen points created by W. Eduards Deming, form a summary of his message and are today considered by many as the “commandments” of the quality improvement. These points are the following: Establish a permanent goal about the product and service improvement; Adopt the new philosophy; Don’t depend from the inspections to reach quality; Finish […]

Human Capital Concept: The expression Human Capital designates a group of capacities, knowledge, attributes, and motivations of the people…

Installed Capacity Concept: Installed capacity represents the production potential or production maximum volumes that a…

Management Accountancy Concept: Management accountancy (also designated by analytical accountancy or also internal accountancy) is one of…

Management Control Concept The expression management control includes a set of mechanisms or management systems used by an organization to assure that the behaviors and decisions of its employees are consistent with the organization’s goals and strategies. When correctly designed, management control systems influence the employees’ behaviors in the desired direction and, consequently, increase the […]

Market’s Corner Concept A Market’s Corner corresponds to a market’s segment built by a reduced number of consumers with homogeneous characteristics and needs and easily identifiable. Due to its small size, the market’s corners are usually neglected by big companies, being, hence, excellent opportunities for the small companies that by this can escape the domain […]

Organizational Climate Concept: The expression Organizational Climate designates the collective perception that the employees have of…

Organizational Culture Concept: According to L. Smircich’s definition in “Concepts of Culture and Organizational Analysis” Organizational Culture…

PDCA Cycle Concept: PDCA Cycle (acronym of the English terms Plan, Do, Check and Act), also known as Deming Cycle as a tribute to…

Philip Crosby’s Biography: Philip Crosby was born in the United States in 1926, in Wheeling West Virginia. In 1952 worked as…

Political-Legal Context Concept Political-Legal Context designates a group of contextual variables with influence in the performance and in the activity and represents the political situation and legal principles and conditions allocation of powers and provides the legal framework of the society. Are examples of Political-Legal Context variables the following: Political stability: In Portugal there has […]

Products’ Life Cycle Concept: A products’ life cycle is a concept (or model) that describes the evolution of a product or service in the…

Social and Human Skills Concept Social and human skills represent the capacity to deal with people, uniting them and motivating them to achieve the organizational goals. For that it’s fundamental the team spirit, justice, impartiality and ethic in conflicts’ resolution and assignment of compliments and incentive to the subordinates. According to Robert L. Katz, social […]

Social Communication Concept Social Communication can be defined as a knowledge area that studies the human communication and the issues that involve the interaction between different elements in a society. This human communication study involves the information transmission technical analysis, format analysis and the supports with what the information is transmitted and still the analysis […]

Social-Cultural Context Concept Social-Cultural Context designates a group of contextual variables with influence in the performance and in the activity and reflects society’s values, customs and traditions and influences the exchanges and the work systems. Are examples of Social-Cultural Context variables the following: Lifestyle: The populations’ lifestyle has a great influence in the kind of […]

Technical Skills Concept Technical skills represent deep knowledge, at the level of methods, processes and procedures of the activities developed in the organization or the department that each directs; represent also the energy and readiness for the quick performance of tasks, the pragmatism and self control for the resolution of urgent, confuse and complex problems. […]

Technological Context Concept: Technological concept designates a group of contextual variables with influence in performance and…

Unfair competition is an illegal practice in the field of the intellectual property code (IPC) and other competition law.

Value Chain Concept Value chain is a model developed by Michael E. porter and that represents a group of activities developed by a company and go from investigation and development to after-sales service. This model forms an essential instrument to analyze competitive advantages of the company and to help find ways to intensify those competitive […]

Variable Costs Concept: Variable costs are the costs of an entity that vary directly with its activity volume. For example, costs…